Soluble oil compositions



United States Patent i 1 1 Claims. c1. 252 -333) sent inventionfrelates toimproved soluble oil fc'oinpositions l T a I" et'al 'fabr'icating, cuttingl'and related arts, use is I I, v ulsi ons which function tolubricate and cool etal 'and cutting tools used in turning, drilling, mg and similar operations. In many of, such opers,th ef emu lsions are prepared by emulsifying a suita e soluble oil with a relatively large proportionate filmbiiiit of water. The soluble oils employed'usually con- 'ftain-asmeniim ingredients.alubricatingbase, an emulsiage nt and water, said ingredients 'beinggenerally empldye'd sin rather well defined proportionate amounts'so that the soluble oil itself will be a homogeneous solution s'tablefaga inst ingredient separation and Will readily emul- "sify withformation 'of ja'sta'blefemulsion when added to a a' aated "vvith a'relativelylarge: proportionate amount ater, Althoughfthe art is aware of soluble oils that uin origin "the, most widely fused, tolmyknowled'gje,

rrg'in afiiiIilEtYCOnipriSe a-niineral oil "of the lubrioil boiling r nge, '-a spindle oil, fa pale oil ortypes brica ting basesusedfor soluble' oils themes distillate ens, derived from petroleum crudes,

. tlzlat ove'ra-rather Wide range of viscosityjth'e particuollsr: t

Fhe art rsals'o aware efma ny- 'mnlsitying'agentsusable in solub'le oi'l to facilitate 'the-d'ispe'rsibility and errrulslfiability -of' t-liel g non, 'emnls ryihg'ag ntsu'sed to: soluble oils include metal: er 'enirlm base seapssnch 'as tlie alkali metal or on'iurhi base naphtheiiates and' -sulfonates: examples of the organic soaps, the oleates of alkylol amines such as i the diand tri-ethanol amine oleateshavebeenemployed and, of the metal soaps, Wide use has and is still being made of water-soluble alkali metal soaps of -organic-acids such as the fatty acids, sulfonic acid's,fnaphth enic"acids and the like, with sodium and patassium'sdaps 'of'such acids being more specific illustrations In addition to soluble oils that consist of aflubfrlicating base, an emulsifying agent and Water, the art is aware of soluble oils that contain additional ingredients toiriipart certain desired properties or aiiaraernsiiesp Thus,

con ih, "as: the liibricatihg *base, materials other thanof lijble oils in which th'e lubricating base is offpetrolei "Patented "Dec. *4, $956 hols such as; the-,glycols and} 1110116SPEClfiCZlllYQdiCihYIt-Efifl glycol, andglycol etherssuch as diethylene glycol monobutylether. Suchcoupling, agents have been used singly or in combinationand illustrative: of use of suchJagents .in combination is diethylene glycol with, diethylene'glIycol monobutyl ether. Especially suitable results'are obtained byuse of such a combination in soluble oils in anamount' of about 0.3 to about 3 percen-t,of the 'polyhydricalcohol and an amount of thealcohol ether of from about one-to about five times that of the polyhyclric alcohol.

, Water, in addition to. being an essential ingredient in soluble oils as afore discussed, must be correlated with brieatin' 'base with yv'ate'r. "ln'illustra: l

the remaining ingredients of the cornposition in, order to provide 'a soluble oil that is homogeneous and stable against ingredient separation an d vghich readily "forms. stable emulsions when added to relatively large proportionate amounts, of vvater toform the, composition ready jforuse' in, cutting operations. and the like. For example, soluble oils that contain water, but in an insufiicient amount, have atendency to gel, Whereas soluble oils that contain an excessive amount of water usally evidence instabilitycaused by the soap separating outof solution. Thus, and with respect toa particularsoluble oilcomposition, a rather well defined range of Water Will be tolerated thereby. Addition of, water to the composition 'inan amount in excess of that tolerated leads to'formation of a cloudy or hazy appearance andpftentimeSFs-tratification occurs due to ingredient separation. Generally speaking, the more water, within limits, which can be tolerated by a soluble oil in stable solution the morestable will be the emulsion resulting from later addition of the'soluble oil tor'arrelatively large proportionate amount of water necessary to prepareitforuse. l-n'icertainsolib ble' oil "compositions increased. amounts of water can be tolerated thereby by increasing the soap content but use of such -an 1 expedient; is not-"desirable from an econ'dmie viewpoint as soap isone'ofithemore-expensive of the ingredients used insoluble oils. Provision of 'soluble o'ils having increased tolerances for water without necessitating'use of increasiedi-soap content *are desirable not only froman economicviewpoint' but also because-they minimize the need for critical control during, manufacture as compared to preparation of soluble oils having :h-a'rrowerxranges of water tolerance.

9 His an object of the present inven-tionto'provide novel, stable homogeneous, soluble 'oil compositions that readily form stable emulsions with a relatively largeproportionv ate amount of ater, and whichcompositions possess an exceedingly Wide range of water tolerance. Another object-is'to provide such: solubletions that iii-addition to havingan exceedingly Wide ran I (if water tolerance, possessa "relatively high loaf ing capacit-y. r

7 Still another object is to provide stable, moge -s'olubleoilcompositionst-hat contain a-nove ctimbin'ati'ori V of ingredients whereby the compositions possess'amex ceedingly wide "water tolerance and readily form stable :emulsions thattpossessan unexpectedly high load carrying capacity.- I 7 The present invention relates to compositions, adapted for use as soluble. oils, v that possess desired "properties as afore-discussd ii-d which result by use as a lubricating :base'inthe compositionsof a suitable solvent extract of numerous soluble oils, and particularly those containing}; a metal soap as an emulsifier, contain coupling agents geneous product stable' against, ingredient separation adapted to facilitate dispersionfof the emulsifying agentf inthe oil whereby the resultant soluble oiljgis a homo duceii s e ti t. separat on; t jterized i j th t the l ln c ing, 3 extract of petroleum origin. 1 I

petroleum origin. As described more fully hereinafter,

the lubricating base employed may consist of the solvent ext-rast-amasrepielaiamye'nqiiiaian are'ar iire'szriaa; 'q i i siem d ed? anda mineral oil, Herice, the e hereincompr ise. a lubr ating be an emulsifying W tetin an; await? fsvfii sn t F ilIZEiIQQf I PQ againstgelationbu tjless than T Mineral oil solvent extraction processes are well known to those experienced in the art and since the extraction processes per se are not a part of the present invention it is not deemed essential to describe such processes in 4 With reference to the compositions set forth in the tabulation, composition No. 1 relates to a conventional soluble oil in which the lubricating base is a mineral oil having a viscosity of 100 SUS at 100 F. and hence illusdetail herein. For purposes of illustration, however, such 5 trative of mineral oils widely used in soluble oils. As solvent extraction processes entail use of solvents such as shown, the soluble oil consisting of such a mineral oil beta, beta-di-chloroethyl ether, furfural, phenol and other and 19.2 percent of the concentrate as afore-described suitable solvents under extraction conditions to preferhad a maximum water tolerance of about 4 percent. 'entially extract from the mineral oils the aromatic-con- Such a soluble oil, containing water in such an amount, taining molecules therein. In more specific illustration, was a stable homogeneous oil composition that formed a furfural is a widely used and typical extraction solvent stable emulsion when added to a relatively large propor- 'and, hence, for purposes of illustration, extracts derived tionate amount of Water. However, a soluble oil confrom mineral oils by use of such a solvent are employed taining the same ratio of concentrate to mineral oil, but herein to describe this invention. in which the amount of water was in excess of that shown The improved soluble oil compositions obtained by as tolerated for composition 1, was cloudy in appearance. practice of the present invention are illustrated by the With further reference to the tabulation, compositions data in the following tabulation which includes composi- Nos. 2 to 4, inclusive show that, by use as a lubricating tions as embodied herein as compared to a conventional base of a mixture of the same 100 pale oil with the extract, solubleoilin which the lubricating base component was liquid compositions were prepared that tolerated more 'devoid of a solvent extract ofpetroleum origin. The water than composition 1. Such an increased water compositions set forth in the tabulation were, in each tolerance was obtained even thoughth'e same ratio of instance, prepared by blending a concentrate with the lubricating base to concentrate was used in compositions lubricating base, the concentrate employed having the Nos. 2 to 4 as was used in composition 1. As is further following composition: shown, the compositions containing the extract possessed P tb ht a higher water tolerance though the amount of soap fg ercen i 6 present was less than that employed in composition 1, T f the lesser amount of soap being due to the presence of f? 50 less concentrate in compositions 2 to 4 as compared to h composition 1. Composition 5 relates to a soluble oil in fi enelg f ""g-" which the lubricating base was the extract per se and, g y g yco mono W et as shown, the water tolerance therefor was the same as ater V composition 4 which differed from composition 5 in that the former contained a lubricating base composed of equal V 1000 parts by weight of the extract and mineral oil. Upon The ingredient Shown as soap Solution as used herein further consideration of the data shown for composition comprises about 60 percent of the Water soluble sodium l 5 as Compared to PQ P 1, 1t 15 @d salts of mahogany acids derived from petroleum, about that r of the f as t lubl'fcatmg base not n 5 percent water, and the balance mineral oil. The inresults In composltwns havms a e s Water tolerance gredients are shwn in formula amounts, soaps' being than those devoid of the solvent extract, but, of additional formed by action of the sodiurnhydroxide with the tall 40 importance, Show thattby .1ubr icatingPa5e oil prior to blending with the remaining constituents. dq j e extract combmatlon wlth a m fi The fixtract employed in preparation f the extract. composltlons of higher water tolerance may be obtained containing compositions in the tabulation was a furfural a y h the pfopomon of extract 2 mlneial 011 may extract per se obtained from a Pennsylvania crude oil by be I ed over a Wide range to obtain higher watertolersubjecting the oil to distillation from which a pressable aflces Wilde at saffle tlfne enablmg PTPVISIOD 0f Soluble distillate was obtained, said distillate being press dewaxed 011$ hIaVmg deslfed y f af ct rlstlcsfhatresults y and subjected to distillation to remove gas oil and yield l f h h 1gh vlscoslty extract h e llghter a bottoms fraction. 'The bottoms fraction was then solvlscosltymlqeral vent extracted with furfural to yield an extract, com- COHQPOSIUOII N 6 t0 lflclflslve, are Slmllal' to each prised predominantly of aromatic-containing molecules, other e q 0f P P to concfmtrate having bw characteristics; ployed' but contaln mineral oll fractions of different VIS- s, cosity characteristics in combination with the extract as GI FY A --1- 7- the lubricating base. As shown, compositions 6 and 7 l PP 405 which contain the lighter viscosity pale oils, had the same F P91 a 475 water'tolerance, whereas composition No. 8, which con- P W at F 2765 tained #2 fuel oil, showeda markedly increased water SHY I tolerance. The markedly increased amount, of water tol- Carbon resl 0- erated by a composition such as No. 8 relates to a preferred Composition-Percent By Weight Approximate Ratio of Composition Maximum Lllbrimting umber Pale Oil Pale Oil Amount of Base to Con- Extract (100 SUS SUS No.2 Concen- Water Tolcentratein at F.) at 100 F.) Fuel Oil trate eirgtgl (inm Soluble 011 a l on waterin concentrate) 76.8 19.2 4 4:1 9.5 66.5 19.0 5 4:1 23.25 51.15 18.6 v7 4:1 36.4 36.4 18.2 '9 4:1 72.8 18.2 9 4:1 57.85 13.35 17.8 11 4:1 51.85 13.35 17.8 11 4:1 53.95 L 12.45 16.0 '17 s a 4:1

aspect of the invention, i. e; .theuse inthe-acompositionszof lubricating-base that is a mixture of the ext ractzwith a low viscosity mineral oil fraction, the water. tolerance wthereof being-greatly in excess of vvoil orextract alone as a lubr-ieating base. qsoluble oilsas embodied hereinarewfurther characterized by possessing, when emulsifiedwith a relatively large proportionate-amount of water .or in ,preparat ion ;for use, .a relatively high load carryingca- ,cacity. :In illustration thereof, .the followingtabulation sets-forthseveral compositions as embodied herein in comparison withcompositions similarthereto except. that the lubricating .base was a mineraloil. and devoid of a sQlvent extract. The superiority of the compositionsembodied herein as I to loadcarrying ,efiectiveness: lS".Sll0Wll waskept incontact with the revolving pin while the latter -was clamped between the hearings with steadily increasing force applied to the jaws. indicated on the load,. guage.of the machine-required vto cause seizure between pin and bearings represents failure of the e t comp ition- :e'xtraet to -aboutonet i'four th 1 o about seven zpartsrby weight of the mineral oil. Suchmel-ative proportions of the lubri- -.cating :base are .illustrated bylthe rat-ioyof one partof. exxtract to about: seven .parts :of Oil. in composition 52 0fthe aforesaid .tabulationgandto about onefourth; part-.ofoil asin composition N os.". 6 -to'18;

:Moreovemand due .to the exceptionally wide'irange :of

water. tolerated by compositions: as :embodied herein, it is obvious :that such compositions may be prepared that con- Itain .water in amounts that yaryrconsiderably based on the "weight of the compositions. iln broad aspect, i-therefore, ;the amount of water presentin'thei composition'should-be sufiicientto inhibit-gelationjbut less than an -amount su ificient to induce ingredient separation. Although the gamount of-wate r' tolerated by compositions as embodied herein depends on factors suehas theamoun tof extract -in the lubricating base, ortheiaifnount of jminer a l oil" used therewith, or'the arnount'ff soap emplo ea, or the'like, it is pa i om het tegoifi da ith ts mnol fit qn containing as as 20% wate a cllev n'htgher, m y he p pa ed t a a stahl th 'mose s us s ut n fo s a l wh -w te em lsi s e-s-thdtyp o mu sion desired in the use of soluble oils for preparation .of lu i a in n -poq ant ompos tionsin. me al --feb 't s op rat n l st ati o is sh somposit onsi the aforesaid tabulation which contains about 19% .water ,consistingof the water present ZinI-the concentrate plus the emul i n: Composition (by Weight) 10% of 00mp sit n a d 1 Rati 91 90% Wate "lizubrgeatt'Jom osltlon gig else N j b Water 094 .Lsz .Car-wm (Over and centrate Capacity Mineral Oil Extract above Ooneen- (Average) water in trate uago concen- Reading trate) lbs. (100 Pale) 20.0 4: 1 1,000 8 (100 Pale) 19.2 4: 1 1,000 (100 Pale) 23 3. 3: 1 1, 000

12 20. 0 4: l 3, 500 1% 18. 2 4: l 3, 500 14 23 3. 3: 1 3, 500 15 12 (#2 Fuel) 17 4: 1 3, 600

As aforedescribed, the compositions of the present invention comprise a lubricating base, an emulsifying agent and water with the lubricating base generally being the major component based upon the weight of the composition. When, as aforedescribed, the lubricating base comprises a mixture of the extract with a mineral oil, the relative proportion of extract to mineral oil in the lubricating base may be varied over a rather wide range depending upon factors such as the ultimate viscosity desired, obtainment of which is facilitated by blending of the viscous extract with a low viscosity mineral oil, the desired increase in water tolerance as compared to use of the mineral oil per se as the lubricating base, and the like. As to the mineral oil component of the lubricating base, suitable therefor are liquid fractions obtained as petroleum distillates, such as those having a viscosity up to about200 SUS at 100 F., and in some instances even higher, but

usage of low viscosity petroleum distillates such as those ing base that is a mixture of one part by weight of, the

based upon the weight of said composition, a water soluble soap. as an emulsifying agent, a coupling agent in an amount sufiicient to disperse said soap in said lubricating base, and Water in an amount sufficient to inhibit gelation but less than an amount sufiicient to induce separation of said composition, said lubricating base comprising (a) a predominantly aromatic extract obtained by furfural extraction of a petroleum fraction and (b) a mineral oil fraction which has not been solvent extracted.

2. A composition, as defined in claim 1, wherein the mineral oil component of the lubricating base is a petroleum distillate.

3. A composition, as defined in claim 1, wherein the lubricating base contains the furfural extract in a weight ratio of one part of extract to about one-fourth to about seven parts of mineral oil.

' metal soap as an emulsifying agent, a coupling agent in .an amount sufiicient to disperse said soap in said lubricating base, and water in an amount sufficient to inhibit said composition against gelation but less than an amount suflicient to induce separation of said composition, said lubricating base being a blend of (a) a mineral oil fraction which has not been solvent extracted and (b) a predominantly aromatic extract, obtained by furfural extraction of a petroleum bottoms fraction in an vamount sufficient to impart to said composition a substantially increased water tolerance as compared to use of said mineral oil fraction per se as the lubricating base.

6. A composition, as defined in claim 5, wherein the mineral oil component of the lubricating base is a low viscosity mineral oil fraction and the soap is a water soluble metal soap of an organic acid.

7. A composition, as defined in claim 6, wherein the soap is a mixture of alkali metal salts of a'mixture of mahogany acids and tall oil. v

8. A composition, as defined in claim 5, wherein the coupling agent is a mixture of an alcohol and'an alcohol ether.

9. A composition, as defined in claim 8, wherein the alcohol is diethylene glycol and the alcohol-ether is mineral'oil, a water-soluble soap as an emulsifying agent, a coupling agent in an amount sufiicient to disperse said soap in said lubricating base, and water in an amount sufficient to inhibit said composition against gelation but lessthan an amount suflicient to induce separation of said composition.

11. A stable non-emulsified soluble oil composition comprising, in homogeneous solution, a lubricating base in major amount based on the weight of the composition, a water soluble soap comprising a mixture of alkali metal salts of petroleum mahogany acids and tall oil, a coupling agent comprising diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in an amount sufficient to disperse said soap in said lubricating base, and water in an amount suflieient to inhibit said composition against gelation but less than an amount sufiicient to induce separation of said composition, said lubricating base comprising (a) a mineral oilfraction which has not been solvent extracted from the group consisting of relatively low viscosity pale oils and petroleum distillates of the #2 fuel oil viscosity range and (b) a predominantly aromatic extract obtained by furfural extraction of a petroleum fraction other than said mineral oil'fraction, said extract being present in said lubricating base in an amount sufiicient to impart to said composition a substantially increased tolerance for water as compared to use of the mineral oil fraction per se as the lubricating base.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Hunter et al Dec. 31, 1946 

1. A STABLE SOLUBLE OIL COMPOSITION COMPRISING, IN HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION, A LUBRICATING BASE IN MAJOR AMOUNT BASED UPON THE WEIGHT OF SAID COMPOSITION, A WATER SOLUBLE SOAP AS AN EMULSIFYING AGENT, A COUPLING AGENT IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO DISPERSE SAID SOAP IN SAID LUBRICATING BASE, AND WATER IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO INHIBIT GELATION BUT LESS THAN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE SEPARATION OF SAID COMPOSITION, SAID LUBRICATING BASE COMPRISING (A) A PREDOMINANTLY AROMATIC EXTRACT OBTAINED BY FURFURAL EXTRACTION OF A PETROLEUM FRACTION AND (B) A MINERAL OIL FRACTION WHICH HAS NOT BEEN SOLVENT EXTRACTED. 